DEAMB - Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental
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Item Weak participation and ideological exemption : the latest stage of EIA simplification in Brazil?(2023) Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroDevelopers’ concerns over the costs and delays of environmental impact assessment (EIA) have increasingly been driving ‘simplification’ solutions and reforms. This letter critically reviews the evolution of EIA simplification in Brazil. More specifically, it (1) sets out to describe the main stages of EIA simplification in Brazil, and (2) calls for conceptually clear and evidence-based simplification reforms. I argue that the first simplification efforts in Brazil mirrored an attempt to bring procedural proportionality to EIA. But simplification gradually became a more nuanced phenomenon reflecting a variety of streamlining, digitalization, and decentralization strategies. However, the many simplification efforts do not seem to be affecting developers’ predominant perception about EIA ineffectiveness. Brazil may be witnessing a more radical stage of EIA simplification, in which ‘simplicity’ is pursued through weak public participation and the exemption of specific economic sectors of the Brazilian economy from EIA. Without conceptually clear and evidence-based simplification reforms, debates over EIA effectiveness are likely to be influenced by simplistic win-win narratives, and Brazil’s increasingly fragile environment is likely to get worse.Item Viewpoint : the far-reaching dangers of rolling back environmental licensing and impact assessment legislation in Brazil.(2022) Athayde, Simone; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas Castro; Araújo, Suely Mara Vaz Guimarães de; Gallardo, Amarilis Lucia Casteli Figueiredo; Moretto, Evandro Mateus; Sánchez, Luis EnriqueIn the context of compounding health, environmental, and climatic crises, Brazil may witness two of its most important environmental policy instruments, environmental licensing and impact assessment, be severely weakened. On May 13, 2021, the Chamber of Deputies passed a new General Law of Environmental Licensing, ignoring the concerns of civil society, scientists, and other relevant parties. If approved by the Senate and ratified by President Bolsonaro, this law will further undermine Brazil’s increasingly fragile environmental protection and public participation in decision-making. Here, we review the bill’s main provisions, highlighting potential far-reaching implications for environmental protection and governance, public participation in decision-making, and human rights in Brazil and beyond. Scientists can play an important role in debunking misinformation and advising Senators and the public opinion on the bill’s dangerous effects.Item Methodological pluralism in environmental impact prediction and significance evaluation : a case for standardization?(2020) Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas Castro; Brito, Ludmila Ladeira Alves de; Gibson, Robert B.At the core of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process is the identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts, activities that are profoundly marked by case-specific differences and methodological pluralism. Despite difficulties, policy-makers are occasionally attracted to the idea of standardizing EIA methods. The objective of this study was to understand the merits of standardizing methods for impact prediction and significance evaluations, using Brazil as the empirical context. Based on a content analysis of 49 EIA reports, a survey with 126 practitioners, and a critical evaluation of two standardization initiatives, the study shows that, while generally perceived as beneficial, the standardization of EIA methods is likely to remain a rather challenging task in the foreseeable future. The high degrees of discretion taking place in the selection and implementation of impact prediction and significance evaluations are to a large extent a consequence of the difficulty of finding terminology, metrics, criteria, thresholds, boundaries, and values across different settings. Current standardization initiatives in Brazil are targeting some of the easiest methodological issues related to terminology and process. While relevant to administrative efficiency and process predictability, such issues represent a small piece of the complex puzzle of EIA effectiveness. Findings signal the need for clearer policy priorities, capacity building, and more applied research about the actual, long-term effects of standardization initiatives.Item Reviewers’ perceptions of the volume of information provided in environmental impact statements : the case for refocusing attention on what is relevant.(2020) Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas Castro; Rivera Fernández, Germán MarinoEnvironmental impact statements (EISs), the main source of information used by reviewers and decisionmakers in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, are becoming increasingly lengthy. The implications of this phenomenon for decision-making have been mostly anecdotal. The objective of this article is twofold: first, it seeks to identify the main consequences of the growing volume of information provided in EISs for reviewing and decision-making; second, it aims at establishing how to better address the challenges of reviewing lengthy EISs. The perceptions of EIS reviewers were surveyed through an online questionnaire in Brazil. The 115 responses reveal that the growing volume of information provided in EISs has both positive and negative consequences. The majority of respondents perceived information needs to be context-dependent. Findings indicate that the challenges of reviewing lengthy EISs stem not so much from too much information, but rather from irrelevant information, as well as from weak capacity to process information. Therefore, enhancing the assessment scope and strengthening capacitybuilding are key steps in improving decision-making. The survey also revealed specific problems in Brazil’s environmental agencies, such as lack of staff and agencies’ growing dependence on information systems and repositories. The article highlights practical implications and suggests future avenues of research.Item Does size matter? An evaluation of length and proportion of information in environmental impact statements.(2018) Rivera Fernández, Germán Marino; Brito, Ludmila Ladeira Alves de; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroFor decades, authors and institutions have argued that the quality of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) is somehow affected by the volume of information they contain. Both too little and too much information can be a problem. However, very few academic studies have addressed the issue of EIS length in detail. The objective of this article was to systematically analyze the volume of information presented in EISs, using Brazil as the empirical context. More specifically, this study evaluated the volume and proportion of information disclosed in 49 Brazilian EISs. This study also tried to identify sectorial variations and whether variables such as project size and number of pages in Terms of References are likely determinants of information volume.>146 thousand pages of EIS information were scrutinized in two rounds of content analysis. Data were organized in spreadsheets and then coded and analyzed through various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Overall, findings corroborate the fact that EISs are now significantly longer than the early ones, and still heavily loaded with baseline information. The average number of pages in EISs and in Non-technical Summaries was found to be 2993 and 94, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression tests indicated that EIS length is likely affected by a combination of variables, including project size, territorial and sectorial characteristics. Such findings suggest that the historical approach of setting page limits to EISs through regulations and Terms of References is no longer appropriate for EIA practice in connection with large enterprises in Brazil, and arguably elsewhere. The article discusses its practical and academic implications, and highlights the need to further investigate the actual impacts of EIS length on decision-making.Item Simulations of EIA screening across jurisdictions : exposing the case for harmonic criteria?(2017) Rocha, Caroline Priscila Fan; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroScreening is one of the most critical stages in environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, there is no consensus about best approaches to screen development proposals, particularly in large territories with multiple jurisdictions. This study explored the challenges of harmonizing EIA screening criteria across jurisdictions, using Brazilian states as the empirical context. It set out to answer the following question: what would be the screening decisions of approved development projects if they had been licensed in different states? This study selected four cases of projects that had obtained environmental licenses in the state of Minas Gerais, and, based on their data, simulated license applications in other three states in south-eastern Brazil. Interviews helped to determine likely screening decisions. Screening approaches, while similar, varied significantly in terms of choices of threshold criteria across the four states. With the exception of one project type, the projects would face very different EIA requirements in the other jurisdictions. Such differences seem to stem more from political choices than from geographical idiosyncrasies. Implications for policy-making regarding harmonization are discussed.Item Licenciamento ambiental simplificado na região sudeste brasileira : conceitos, procedimentos e implicações.(2016) Oliveira, Francysmary Sthéffany Dias; Prado Filho, José Francisco do; Rocha, Caroline Priscila Fan; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroO licenciamento ambiental, apesar da sua relevância como instrumento de política ambiental, é frequentemente criticado como moroso e burocrático. Em reação a tais críticas, diversos órgãos licenciadores têm promovido ações de simplificação no uso desse instrumento. Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar os conceitos e os modelos de licenciamento ambiental simplificado nos estados da região sudeste, de modo a entender suas implicações para o processo decisório. O estudo seguiu uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa e descritiva, com dados coletados por meio de consultas às legislações estaduais e aos websites dos órgãos licenciadores estaduais. Observou-se que a simplificação do licenciamento ambiental tem se dado, sobretudo, pela isenção ou simplificação dos estudos ambientais, bem como na redução no número de etapas e trâmites no licenciamento. A simplificação do licenciamento de projetos tem contribuído para desvincular a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental do licenciamento ambiental, na medida em que este passa a ser conduzido sem o apoio daquele. Também ficou evidente que a simplificação pode diminuir o grau de precaução do processo, ao diminuir o volume de informações e ritos de análise e participação pública. Todavia, os procedimentos simplificados podem agilizar a concessão de licenças e reduzir os custos do processo. O artigo conclui com uma discussão das potenciais consequências da simplificação e com sugestões de estudos futuros.