EM - Escola de Minas

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Landscape evolution as a diversification driver in freshwater fishes.
(2022) Val, Pedro Fonseca de Almeida e; Lyons, Nathan J.; Gasparini, Nicole M.; Willenbring, Jane Kathryn; Albert, James S.
The exceptional concentration of vertebrate diversity in continental freshwaters has been termed the “freshwater fish paradox,” with > 15,000 fish species representing more than 20% of all vertebrate species compressed into tiny fractions of the Earth’s land surface area (<0.5%) or total aquatic habitat volume (<0.001%). This study asks if the fish species richness of the world’s river basins is explainable in terms of river captures using topographic metrics as proxies. The River Capture Hypothesis posits that drainage-network rearrangements have accelerated biotic diversification through their combined effects on dispersal, speciation, and extinction. Yet rates of river capture are poorly constrained at the basin scale worldwide. Here we assess correlations between fish species density (data for 14,953 obligate freshwater fish species) and basin-wide metrics of landscape evolution (data for 3,119 river basins), including: topography (elevation, average relief, slope, drainage area) and climate (average rainfall and air temperature). We assess the results in the context of both static landscapes (e.g., species-area and habitat heterogeneity relationships) and transient landscapes (e.g., river capture, tectonic activity, landscape disequilibrium). We also relax assumptions of functional neutrality of basins (tropical vs. extratropical, tectonically stable vs. active terrains). We found a disproportionate number of freshwater species in large, lowland river basins of tropical South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, under predictable conditions of large geographic area, tropical climate, low topographic relief, and high habitat volume (i.e., high rainfall rates). However, our results show that these conditions are only necessary, but not fully sufficient, to explain the basins with the highest diversity. Basins with highest diversity are all located on tectonically stable regions, places where river capture is predicted to be most conducive to the formation of high fish species richness over evolutionary timescales. Our results are consistent with predictions of several landscape evolution models, including the River Capture Hypothesis, Mega Capture Hypothesis, and Intermediate Capture Rate Hypothesis, and support conclusions of numerical modeling studies indicating landscape transience as a mechanistic driver of net diversification in riverine and riparian organisms with widespread continental distributions.
The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene : center stage for Neotropical diversification.
(2018) Albert, James S.; Val, Pedro Fonseca de Almeida e; Hoorn, Carina
We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River, and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary basins of northern South America through the Neogene. Data are reviewed from new geochronological datasets using radiogenic and stable isotopes, and from traditional geochronological methods, including sedimentology, structural mapping, sonic and seismic logging, and biostratigraphy. The modern Amazon River and the continental-scale Amazon drainage basin were assembled during the late Miocene and Pliocene, via some of the largest purported river capture events in Earth history. Andean sediments are first recorded in the Amazon Fan at about 10.1-9.4 Ma, with a large increase in sedimentation at about 4.5 Ma. The transcontinental Amazon River therefore formed over a period of about 4.9-5.6 million years, by means of several river capture events. The origins of the modern Amazon River are hypothesized to be linked with that of mega-wetland landscapes of tropical South America (e.g. várzeas, pantanals, seasonally flooded savannahs). Mega-wetlands have persisted over about 10% northern South America under different configurations for >15 million years. Although the paleogeographic reconstructions presented are simplistic and coarse-grained, they are offered to inspire the collection and analysis of new sedimentological and geochronological datasets.
Evolução da rede de drenagem e evidências de antigas conexões entre as bacias dos rios grande e São Francisco no sudeste brasileiro.
(2018) Rezende, Éric Andrade; Salgado, André Augusto Rodrigues; Castro, Paulo de Tarso Amorim
O presente trabalho investigou a evolução da rede de drenagem na alta/média bacia do Rio Grande, com foco em evidências de antigas conexões entre esta bacia e a bacia do Rio São Francisco no sudeste brasileiro. Foi executada a análise conjunta de registros sedimentares, anomalias de drenagem, eixos de soerguimento e dados termocronológicos disponíveis. Feições como um baixo divisor anômalo, um cotovelo de drenagem, uma garganta e um antigo eixo de soerguimento evidenciam que o alto curso do Rio Grande, hoje pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paraná, encontrava-se previamente direcionado para norte, rumo ao Cráton do São Francisco. O divisor ancestral entre as duas bacias hidrográficas coincidia com o eixo soerguido de direção geral NNW-SSE ao longo das intrusões alcalinas Neocretáceas que bordejam a nordeste a Unidade geotectônica Bacia do Paraná. O rompimento do divisor ancestral e a consequente captura fluvial provavelmente ocorreram após um soerguimento generalizado no Mioceno Médio, que causou a superimposição da drenagem a partir de uma paleosuperfície mais regular e a abertura de depressões. O baixo divisor anômalo na região de Pimenta-MG corresponde a um expressivo registro morfológico do paleovale que conectava as duas bacias atualmente separadas. Taxas médias de incisão de longo-termo foram estimadas em cerca de 10 m/Ma, com base no posicionamento das formações Marília e Itaqueri adjacentes ao médio vale do Rio Grande.

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