EM - Escola de Minas
URI permanente desta comunidadehttp://www.hml.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6
Notícias
A Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto foi fundada pelo cientista Claude Henri Gorceix e inaugurada em 12 de outubro de 1876.
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5 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
Item Pathways for recent Cerrado soybean expansion : extending the soy moratorium and implementing integrated crop livestock systems with soybeans.(2019) Nepstad, Lucy S.; Gerber, James S.; Hill, Jason D.; Dias, Lívia Cristina Pinto; Costa, Marcos Heil; West, Paul C.The Brazilian Soy Moratorium has effectively reduced forest conversion for soybeans in Amazonia. This has come at the expense of the region’s pasturelands, which have increasingly ceded space for compliant soy expansion. The question of extending the policy to the Cerrado, where recent soy expansion has come at the cost of ecologically valuable vegetation, plugs into a wider discussion on how to reconcile competing commodities on finite amounts of cleared area. Innovative management strategies that allow different land uses to coexist are urgently needed. Integrated crop-livestock systems with soybeans(ICLS)rotates beef and soy on the same area, and shows promise as a means to improve production, farmer benefit, and environmental impacts. Here we reconstruct historical land use maps to estimate Cerrado Soy Moratorium outcomes with benchmark years in 2008 and 2014, we then estimate additional production afforded by ICLS implementation between 2008 and 2014. We find that if a 2008 Cerrado Soy Moratorium were in place, 0.7 Mha of 2014 Cerrado soy area would currently be in violation of the policy. Roughly 96% of this acreage is found in Matopiba (82%) and Mato Grosso (14%)states, suggesting that adoption may have slowed recent production in these rapidly transforming soy centers, in contrast to central and southwestern Cerrado where there is more concentrated eligible expansion area. Changing the benchmark to 2014 could have added 0.7 Mha of eligible expansion area, though over 80% of these additions would be in states with the most 2008 eligible area (Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul). Meanwhile, ICLS adoption could have added between 4.0 and 32 Mha of new soy land to the study area without additional clearing between 2008 and 2014, though this would depend on rigorous accompanying land zoning policy to guide implementation. The roughly 5 Mha of Cerrado soybean expansion that actually occurred between 2008 and 2014 could have been accommodated on 2008 suitable pasture area given an ICLS rotation frequency of every 6 years or less. Conservation estimates presented here represent the upper limit of what is possible, as our scenario modeling does not account for variables such as leakage, laundering, or rebound effects.Item Compensating deforestation with forest surplus : key regulatory issues within Brazil's atlantic forest.(2020) Cruz, Júlio César da; Barella, Cesar Falcão; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroBrazil has created a market mechanism for compensating past deforestation based on the acquisition of forest surplus from different properties. This mechanism, known in Brazil as the ‘CRA market’, could become the world's largest forest compensation program. The success of this market depends on the specifics of regulations that are yet to come. The objective of this article was to explore three relevant issues to the regulation of a future CRA market within the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais state: the balance between supply and demand; incentives for trade in priority areas; and potential policy overlaps between different compensation programs. Based on geospatial evaluations and content analysis of government documents, the study revealed a potential oversupply of CRAs in the Minas Gerais Atlantic Forest, as surplus areas were found to be 2.76 greater than deficit areas. Eventual incentives for trade in priority areas could lessen oversupply, but unfold into sensitive territorial tradeoffs. The potential overlap between the CRA market and the existing compensation program of the Atlantic Forest Act, while still unclear, is unlikely to be a very relevant one. Future avenues of research are suggestedItem Análise comparada da descentralização do licenciamento ambiental em municípios dos estados de Minas Gerais e Piauí.(2017) Abreu, Emanoele Lima; Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas CastroApesar do crescente interesse pela municipalização do licenciamento ambiental, poucos estudos científicos com revisão de pares foram publicados sobre esse fenômeno, sobretudo no Nordeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar comparativamente experiências de municipalização do licenciamento ambiental em dois municípios no estado do Piauí (Teresina e Água Branca) e dois municípios no estado de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte e Betim). Utilizou-se uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa de estudo de casos múltiplos, com dados coletados por meio de análises documentais e de entrevistas estruturadas com representantes de prefeituras. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas, por exemplo, de capacidade institucional e arranjos regulatórios, entre os estados e cidades pesquisados. A qualidade do sistema de licenciamento ambiental nos municípios pode estar relacionada ao porte da administração municipal e às condições socioeconômicas locais, mas estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar tal situação. De maneira geral, os entrevistados corroboram estudos anteriores que salientam barreiras de recursos humanos e de infraestrutura para a eficiência do licenciamento ambiental local. O artigo conclui com sugestões de estudos futuros.Item Reforming EIA systems : a critical review of proposals in Brazil.(2017) Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas Castro; Sánchez, Luis Enrique; Ribeiro, José Cláudio JunqueiraEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems are under pressure in many countries, driven by a call for efficiency and streamlining. Such a phenomenon is particularly clear in Brazil,where, in the past fewyears, a number of influential associations put forward documents proposing significant changes to environmental licensing and impact assessment regulations. So far, there is no publicly available information about any initiative towards scrutinizing those proposals. The objective of this study was to critically review the merits and drawbacks of the changes proposed in those documents. The analysis triangulated content analysis, focus group and online survey data. The focus group included ten seasoned Brazilian EIA specialists; the survey, based on Likert-scale and open-ended questions, resulted in 322 valid responses from EIA professionals. Results show that the proposals generally agree that the current EIA system, while playing a key role in mitigating impacts and enhancing project design, needs many changes.Nonetheless, the proposals neither offered solutions to overcomepolitical, technical and budget barriers, nor established a sense of priority of the most urgent issues. Findings from the focus group and the survey signaled that a number of proposed actions might face public outcry, and that those changes that do not depend on legislative action are more likely to be implementable. Previous studies about EIA reform focused mostly on the context of developed countries after changes had taken place. This study, while addressing the perspective of a large developing country in a “before-reform” stage, shows that capacity-building is a key requirement in EIA reform.Item Government and voluntary policymaking for sustainability in mining towns : a longitudinal analysis of Itabira, Brazil.(2013) Fonseca, Alberto de Freitas Castro; Fitzpatrick, Patricia; McAllister, Mary LouiseThe socio-economic fabric of single-company mining towns needs to be carefully considered by both Government and companies in sustainability policymaking. Policy design and effectiveness in such towns are significantly impacted by the city’s economic dependence on a single company.This paper explores the perceived effectiveness of government and voluntary private sector mining policies for pursuing sustainability in the historic mining town of Itabira, Brazil over a period of 20 years. Itabira serves as a worthwhile case study because it allows for an in-depth and longitudinal analysis that can reveal valuable lessons to policymakers of different sectors and jurisdictions located elsewhere. Based on extensive face-to-face interviews and literature reviews, study results indicate that changes to the state environmental licensing policies in the 1990s led to significant socio-environmental improvements in the area. The globalization of the mining company also contributed to an increase in the quantity and quality of voluntary industry policies. Recent technological improvements in the beneficiation processes of the mining company promises to extend the life of the mine to 2050. Although there are significant incremental socio-environmental policies and programmes, sustainability remains an elusive vision in Itabira, with no clear objectives or monitoring and accountability mechanisms. The paper concludes by recommending a more formal integrated policymaking framework.