EM - Escola de Minas
URI permanente desta comunidadehttp://www.hml.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6
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A Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto foi fundada pelo cientista Claude Henri Gorceix e inaugurada em 12 de outubro de 1876.
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Item On the cobalt content upgrade in nickeliferous laterites using iron (III) sulfate : a study based on thermodynamics simulations.(2022) Souza, Rodrigo Fernandes Magalhães de; Tavares, Mariana Aguiar de Azevedo; Cruz, Luiz Eduardo Carnevale; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Santos, Iranildes Daniel dos; Moura, Francisco José; Brocchi, Eduardo de AlbuquerqueNickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are relevant technological metals for the future of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry. Based on the current and projected demand for these, an increased interest in developing processing routes to exploit lateritic occurrences has been observed, as these are reported as critical raw materials for future mineral–metallurgical industry. However, the content of Ni and Co in such ores is minimal and requires impracticable mineral-processing operations for concentration before metal extraction. It was identified that information regarding the sulfation roasting of this material is scarce on what concerns the iron sulfates interaction as a function of the temperature. Based on that context, the present work has its purposes associated with the proposition of an alternative chemical pretreatment to upgrade the content of metals of technological interest in lateritic ores through a simple roast–leach process. Thus, the chemical interactions between the mineral sample and iron (III) sulfate (Fe2 (SO4 )3 ) through thermodynamic simulations and experimental procedures were explored. The latter included specific water leaching practices for the selective concentration of metals. The equilibrium calculations indicate that Fe2 (SO4 )3 and FeSO4 tend to decompose at lower temperatures, and considering the higher stability of other metal sulfates, it could be an interesting reagent in this type of process. Regarding the experimental results, the characterization of materials indicates a recovery of Co as high as 73.4 wt.% after sulfation roasting at 500 ◦C followed by water leaching, with the full content of Iron (Fe) being reported in the insoluble phase. Based on these findings, the present development could be an interesting alternative to consider within operations for the chemical upgrade of cobalt in such types of mineralogical occurrences.Item Recovery of metallic lead of cupel wastes from gold analysis by alkaline fusion in the presence of sulfur.(2022) Cerceau, Cristiane Isaac; Carvalho, Cornélio de Freitas; Varejão, Eduardo Vinícius Vieira; Santos, Claudio Gouvea dos; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade AlvarengaHigh precision and accuracy make Pb-Fire assay the method of choice for gold analysis in mineralogical samples. The second stage of this method, called cupellation, leaves the used container (cupel) highly contaminated with PbO. Since tons of cupel waste are generated annually from gold analysis worldwide, the disposal of such material constitutes a serious risk to the environment. In the present paper the recovery of the lead from cupel waste by means of an alkaline fusion in the presence of sulfur was evaluated considering the efects of the following variables: amount of NaOH and sulfur, time, and temperature. Gravimetric analyses indicated 81.3% (w/w) recovery of lead in the form of metallic lead from 5.00 g of cupel waste using 3.00 g of NaOH, 0.5 g of S8, after 15 min at 650 °C. During the process, sulfur promoted the reduction of lead oxide. After the process, both the cupel wastes and the resulting secondary wastes presented lead concentrations below the maximum limits determined by both Brazilian legislation and that followed by US Environmental Protection Agency, and can be considered safe for disposal. Furthermore, the proposed method allows cupel wastes to be converted from an environmental liability to a raw material for the production of metallic Pb.Item Kinetic studies of the reduction of limonitic nickel ore by hydrogen.(2020) Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Lana, Renard de Jesus Taveira; Coelho, Henrique Carvalho da Silva; Silva, Guilherme Jorge Brigolini; Santos, Claudio Gouvea dosA sample of limonitic nickel ore was characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, and ICP-OES techniques. The Rietveld refinement method showed that the main mineral constituent of this sample is goethite (55.8 pct). Thermal analysis experiments were performed and the determination of the goethite content in the sample could be confirmed by the mass loss associated to the dehydroxylation of this mineral at temperature of 150 C. After thermal decomposition, the sample was reduced in a rotary kiln using hydrogen and subsequent characterization showed that for low temperatures (400 C £ T< 800 C), metallic iron could be identified in the solid product of the reaction by XRD technique and reduction of hematite to metallic iron was the main chemical reaction identified at this temperature. In addition to metallic iron, tetrataenite was identified and quantified in the reduced sample at high temperature (T>600 C) and the results suggest that most of the nickel is in this mineral phase. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process and for the reduction of hematite to magnetite at low temperature (T £ 550 C). The slow step was diffusion of reagent (H2) or product (H2O) through the reduced solid product layer on the particle surface, the apparent activation energy calculated for the reaction was 46.2 kJ. For the reduction of hematite to metallic iron at high temperature (T ‡ 550 C), the slow step was the reaction of hydrogen with hematite at the reaction surface of the particle, and the apparent activation energy achieved by the chemical reaction was 29.5 kJ.Item Reduction roasting and bioleaching of a limonite ore.(2021) Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Rodrigues, Michael Leonardo Marques; Leão, Versiane AlbisTwo of the main challenges presented by the implementation of nickel laterites atmospheric acid leaching are: (i) high acid consumption and (ii) high final iron concentrations in the PLS. In the current work, a novel process was devised by applying pyrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical operations. The experimental set-up comprised the reduction of a nickel limonitic ore with hydrogen gas in a rotary kiln, at 900 ◦C, until all the goethite was converted to metallic iron. Subsequently, the reduced sample was bioleached by mesophilic microorganisms grown on Fe2+ (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) at 5% solids, 32 ◦C, and pH < 3. The results showed that an increase in the Eh values, promoted by the bacteria, resulted in the leaching Fe, Ni and Co, therefore a dissolution of 92% of the nickel and 35% of the cobalt was observed in experiments carried out with 35 Kg H2SO4/(ton of the reduced ore). The iron concentration in the liquor generated under these experimental conditions was below 5 mg/L owing to the fact that Fe3+ precipitated as jarosite. The experimental conditions applied also resulted in low acid consumption and the final total iron concentration was also reduced in the leach liquor (< 200 mg/L), which were considerably lower than the values reported for the HPAL process.Item Cinética e mecanismo de oxidação de um concentrado de esfalerita.(2019) Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Penna, José Márcio Soares; Magalhães, Lucas SanchesA oxidação do concentrado de esfalerita (ZnS) por oxigênio gasoso foi realizada por meio de análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os produtos de oxidação foram analisados por difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/EDS) e a formação de sulfato de zinco foi detectada durante o processo de oxidação. A pirita presente no concentrado foi aquecida a uma temperatura mais baixa do que a esfalerita e o mecanismo de oxidação estava de acordo com o mecanismo proposto por Dunn J. G. et. al. (1989). A cinética da oxidação da esfalerita foi avaliada por meio do método de isoconversão de Linhas de Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) e não-linear (MNL) e os resultados sugerem que o processo de oxidação segue um mecanismo complexo. Os valores de energia de ativação encontrados foram superiores a 40kJ/mol na gama completa de conversão sugerindo que a etapa de controle ocorre por meio de reação química.Item Kinetics of copper and cadmium cementation by zinc powder.(2019) Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Penna, José Márcio Soares; Magalhães, Lucas Sanches; Leão, Versiane Albis; Santos, Claudio Gouvea dosThe cementation of copper and cadmium by zinc powder was investigated in order to assess the influence of different parameters in the process. The results showed that the process follows a first order reaction with two stages in both systems. In the system Cu/Zn, the second stage is faster than the first while in the system Cd/Zn the second stage is slower than the first. In the system Cu/Zn, the variation on the surface area of copper cement followed a power law and a straight line was obtained by plotting –ln([Cu2+]/[Cu2+] 0 ) against t3/2, the activation energy was calculated as 16.3kJ. In the system Zn/Cd the surface area available for reaction decreased as a result of the cement agglomeration. On the experiments carried out with ions Cu2+ and Cd2+ in solution, purer copper cement was obtained when the experiments were carried out in the presence of less than stoichiometric amount of zinc powder and longer reaction times.Item Biolixiviação de sulfetos secundários de cobre por Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.(2017) Cruz, Flávio Luciano dos Santos; Martins, Flávio Luiz; Carvalho, Liliane Coelho de; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Leão, Versiane AlbisNeste trabalho, foi investigada a biolixiviação de sulfetos secundários de cobre com Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. O efeito dos parâmetros pH, concentração dos cátions Fe2+, Al3+ e Mg2+, sob a extração de cobre foram avaliados. Os experimentos em frascos agitados mostraram elevadas recuperações de cobre próximas a 75%. A cinética de extração do metal foi afetada pelo pH e concentração de Fe2+ e os valores ideais foram 1,6-1,8 e 5-10 g.L-1, respectivamente. A adição de fontes externas de alumínio (até 5 g.L-1) favoreceu a biolixiviação devido à complexação do íon fluoreto liberado durante a dissolução do mineral.Item Kinetic and thermal decomposition of ettringite synthesized from aqueous solutions.(2016) Guimarães, Damaris; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Leão, Versiane AlbisThe kinetics of the thermal decomposition of a synthetic ettringite sample was studied between 298 and 820 K in an inert atmosphere for the present work. The ettringite and its thermal decomposition products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Four endothermic events were observed with thermogravimetry curves, the maxima of which occurred at 366, 397, 537, and 641 K. All events were associated with the loss of water molecules with different degrees of interaction within the ettringite structure. Chemical equations for each decomposition step were proposed based on the percentages of mass loss observed. In addition, for the first time, the activation energies of each ettringite decomposition events were determined by the isoconversional methods of Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, Friedman, and Kissinger–Akahira– Sunose. The modeling revealed that the activation energy varied from *50 kJ mol-1, characteristic of mass transfer control steps, to *150 kJ mol-1, which is typical of chemical control, as the temperature increased and the ettringite structure lost water. A total of 32 mol of water was released equivalent to 43.1 % of the initial sample mass.Item Hidrogéis superabsorventes a base de acetato de celulose modificado por dianidrido 3, 3’, 4, 4’ benzofenona tetracarboxílico (BTDA) : síntese, caracterização e estudos físico-químicos de absorção.(2009) Botaro, Vagner Roberto; Santos, Cláudio Gouvêa dos; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade AlvarengaEste trabalho descreve as sínteses de hidrogéis superabsorventes a base de acetato de celulose (AC), com grau de substituição 2.5, reticulado com dianidrido 3, 3’, 4, 4’ benzofenona tetracarboxílico (BTDA). As caracterizações das matérias primas foram realizadas por análises térmicas (TG/DTG) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR). O grau de substituição do acetato de celulose foi determinado por via úmida. A confirmação da reação de esterificação foi possível a partir da técnica de FTIR, espectroscopia UV-vis e análises térmicas (TG/DTG). A presença de poros no novo material foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e porosimetria (BET). A influência da concentração de dianidrido no meio reacional foi investigada, bem como a influência do aumento no grau de reticulação no comportamento térmico do material. Foram obtidas isotermas de absorção de água em diferentes temperaturas para os hidrogéis com diferentes graus de reticulação. Os coeficientes de difusão dos géis foram determinados, juntamente com a energia de ativação para o processo de inchamento usando a equação de Arrhenius. A entalpia de mistura do sistema gel-água foi determinada pela medida da quantidade máxima de água absorvida no equilíbrio a diferentes temperaturas, empregando a equação de Gibbs/Helmholtz.Item High-temperature bioleaching of nickel sulfides : thermodynamic and kinetic implications.(2010) Cruz, Flávio Luciano dos Santos; Oliveira, Víctor de Andrade Alvarenga; Guimarães, Damaris; Souza, Adelson Dias de; Leão, Versiane AlbisThe effect of temperature on nickel sulfide bioleaching was studied in the presence of mesophile (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) and moderate thermophile (Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans) strains and the results were discussed in terms of sulfide dissolution thermodynamics (Eh–pH diagrams) and kinetics (cyclic voltammetry). It was observed that in the pH range 1.8–2.0 the highest nickel dissolution was achieved which reached 50% for mesophiles and over 80% for moderate thermophiles. External ferrous iron addition had no effect on the metal dissolution at 34 °C, but adversely affected nickel leaching at higher temperatures. The best outcomes were accomplished with low FeSO4 additions (2.5 g/L) at 50 °C. Pyrrhotite dissolution avoided the need for external iron addition, providing Fe2+ concentrations as high as 7 g/L during bioleaching, which supports bacterial growth. Eh–pH diagrams for pentlandite and pyrrhotite show a negligible effect of temperature on the stability field of each sulfide whilst cyclic voltammetry indicated that temperature has the strongest influence on pyrrhotite oxidation. The latter along with a rapid increase in solution potential (Eh) explains the higher and faster extraction observed with S. thermosulfidooxidans.