EM - Escola de Minas

URI permanente desta comunidadehttp://www.hml.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/6

Notícias

A Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto foi fundada pelo cientista Claude Henri Gorceix e inaugurada em 12 de outubro de 1876.

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2001 - 2009112010 - 2019272020 - 20217

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Autor: search.filters.author.Godefroid, Leonardo BarbosaTem arquivos: Sim

Resultados da Pesquisa

Agora exibindo 1 - 10 de 45
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    Effect of thermal aging on the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel UNS S31803.
    (2020) Costa, Junia Maria Gândara; Lacerda, José Carlos de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Cândido, Luiz Cláudio
    Duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 exhibits high mechanical strength with high corrosion properties, due to its microstructure composed of ferrite and austenite phases, in equal proportion. When the UNS S31803 steel is submitted to high temperatures, some precipitations can occur, such as nitrites, carbides, and third phases (e.g. sigma phase -σ, and alpha prime - α'). These phases are deleterious in relation to the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, and their effects are analyzed regarding the properties of the steel. In order to evaluate the precipitation of this deleterious phase, isothermal treatment was done at 500°C for 144 hours (α' phase) and at 850ºC for 80 minutes (σ phase). The results were obtained through the microstructural analysis and tensile tests. The presence of sigma phase was verified in the grain boundary, an increase in the mechanical resistance with a loss of toughness. There was as well as an increase in mechanical resistance with the precipitation of α', with less loss of ductility than that observed in the experiments involving the presence of sigma phase.
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    Microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior of a lean duplex stainless steel aged at 475o C.
    (2021) Reis, Thompson Júnior Ávila; Santos, Henrique Meckler; Almeida, Eliza Wilk Reis de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa
    In this research, the effects of isothermal treatments at 475 ◦C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a UNS S32304 lean duplex stainless steel were investigated. Samples of the alloy under as received and aged conditions were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy in order to evaluate the ability of these techniques to identify important aspects that characterize microstructural changes caused by aging. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by tensile tests, hardness tests, Charpy impact tests, crack extension resistance tests, force controlled axial fatigue tests and fatigue crack growth rate tests. The fracture surfaces of all tested specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the α-phase spinodal decomposition occurred, with a tendency to saturation for a not too long aging time. The analysis by atomic/magnetic force microscopy allowed to identify characteristics regarding the preferential phase dissolution of the α phase that distinguish the alloy in the as received condition from the aged alloy. As a consequence of the formation of the α’ phase, the absorbed impact energy and the fracture toughness of the alloy decreased substantially. On the other hand, the tensile strength and the fatigue resistance increased significantly.
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    Failure analysis of a steel slide ring of a tubular ball mill used in an iron ore mining plant.
    (2020) Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Cândido, Luiz Cláudio; Guimarães, Claudinei Roberto; Araújo, Sidney Cardoso
    This work identified the root cause of an early failure occurring near welded joints that connect the slide ring with the head of a ball mill used in an iron mining plant. The ASTM-A516-G60 steel specified for use at this location had a lower carbon content than required. The microstructure presented by this steel consisted of a totally heterogeneous distribution of ferrite grains and pearlite colonies, with variations in grain size and volume fraction. Moreover, the union between the slide ring and the mill head created a significant geometric stress concentration and the welding process used, although meeting the specification, contributed to the microstructural heterogeneity, due to the thermal input required for this operation. These microstructural and geometrical characteristics led to the development and growth of fatigue cracks near the welded joints, that crossed the thickness of the slide ring. As a consequence, the iron ore pulp was contaminated with the lubricating oil, decreasing the adequate oil level and generating excessive wear on bearings and loss of pressure from the lubrication system. All these facts made impracticable the operation of the mill. Three different steels that meet the specification for application in pressure vessels were analyzed and compared with the steel of the failed mill by means of tension, Rockwell hardness, Charpy impact, fracture toughness (J-R curves) and fatigue tests (σa × Nf curves and da/dN × ΔK curves). It was concluded that the material selection for the mill component needs to consider a suitable chemical composition and microstructure of the steel for that application, to ensure adequate values of mechanical properties compatible with its use.
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    Fracture toughness, fatigue crack resistance and wear resistance of two railroad steels.
    (2020) Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Souza, Andrew T.; Pinto, Maria Aparecida
    This research evaluated the microstructure and compared important mechanical properties of two steels for use in the railway sector. The main objective of the work was to verify the possibility of replacing a traditional C-Mn-Si pearlitic steel widely used in the world for application on rails, here called CS (common steel), by an also pearlitic steel with Nb and V micro-additions, rarely applied on rails, here called MS (microalloyed steel). The microstructures were characterized by means of pearlite colony size and pearlitic interlamellar spacing measurements, using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests, hardness tests, fracture toughness tests, force controlled axial fatigue tests, fatigue crack growth rate tests and microabrasion wear tests. CS presented a more refined microstructure than MS, due to differences in the thermomechanical industrial procedures. However, hardness, yield and tensile strength, and fracture toughness were similar for both steels. The main differences in the mechanical behavior were verified in the tensile ductility, fatigue crack growth resistance and wear resistance; the value for these three properties was higher for MS. Considering the main metallurgical requirements for an adequate selection of materials to be applied in the railway sector, these results show that the use of a Nb-V microalloyed steel is therefore a good option to ensure the best performance in service of the rail.
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    Effect of PWHT on laser-welded duplex stainless steel : the effects of postweld heat treatments on the microstructure, tensile behavior, and corrosion resistance of laser-welded duplex stainless steel were investigated.
    (2020) Magalhaes, Aparecida Silva; Magalhães, Charles Henrique Xavier Morais; Lima, Milton Sérgio Fernandes de; Alves, Juliane Ribeiro da Cruz; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Bertazzoli, Rodnei; Faria, Geraldo Lúcio de
    The welded joints of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been widely used in petrochemical, nuclear, pulp, and paper industries. Welds require a good, superficial finishing and a combination of mechanical and corrosion properties in these types of high-quality, demanding applications. Even though laser welding promotes narrow weld beads and a small heataffected zone, when it is applied to DSSs, it can produce dangerous microstructural discontinuities. In this context, the effects of subsequent heat treatments on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, microhardness, and tensile properties of DSS laser-welded joints are investigated. In this study, samples of UNS S32304 DSS were submitted to two different conditions of laser welding. Subsequently, the plates submitted to the best welding condition were subjected to isothermal heat treatments at different temperatures (850°, 950°, 1050°, and 1150°C) for 10 min. Then they were microstructurally characterized. Phase fraction measurements and microhardness tests were performed. Based on the obtained results, postweld heat-treated samples at 1150°C, which is the best condition, were subjected to corrosion and tensile tests. It was possible to conclude the corrosion properties of the welded joint were significantly improved after the heat treatment. However, the mechanical behavior was strongly influenced by the presence of volumetric discontinuities and intermetallic compounds, which considerably deteriorated the mechanical strength of the material.
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    Effect of martensite volume fraction on the mechanical behavior of an UNS S41003 dual-phase stainless steel.
    (2020) Faria, Geraldo Lúcio de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Nunes, Isadora Pereira; Lacerda, José Carlos de
    UNS S41003 (410D) steel is a relatively low chromium unstabilized ferritic stainless steel. It has superior mechanical and corrosion resistance than ordinary low carbon steels. Therefore, and for its relatively low cost among specialty steels, it is a strong candidate for replacement of low carbon common steels in many applications. In order to enable new applications for this steel, it is important to ensure good performance in relation to its mechanical strength, so the development of hardening mechanisms without significant loss of ductility is desirable. Dual-phase microstructures are an example that fits in this context, because they tend to increase mechanical strength and are favorable to the fracture toughness and fatigue resistance of steels. This research evaluated the influence of quenching heat treatments after intercritical austenitizing on the microstructure, tensile strength, hardness, fracture toughness (J x Δa curves) and fatigue crack growth resistance (da/dN x ΔK curves) of a 410D ferritic stainless steel. The used intercritical austenitization temperatures were defined based on its critical temperatures Ac1 and Ac3 measured by dilatometry. Ten different quenching heat treatments were performed, varying the austenitizing temperature and time, in order to obtain dual-phase microstructures (ferrite and martensite) with different volume fractions of constituents. The obtained results revealed that the increase of the austenitizing temperature and time favor the increase of the martensite volume fraction in the microstructure. Higher martensite volume fractions imply greater hardness and mechanical tensile and fatigue strength of the steel, but with loss of ductility and fracture toughness. The best balance among the studied mechanical properties was presented by steel treated at 825 ◦C for 15min, containing 57% of martensite.
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    Simulação do processo de soldagem elétrica por centelhamento de um aço para trilhos ferroviários. Parte 2 : análise dilatométrica e numérica.
    (2020) Porcaro, Rodrigo Rangel; Araújo, Francisco Célio de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Faria, Geraldo Lúcio de; Silva, Luiz Leite da
    Trilhos longos soldados por centelhamento elétrico (Flash Butt Welding - FBW) apresentam características desejáveis do ponto de vista do comportamento dinâmico da via, no entanto, as soldas são regiões de descontinuidade estrutural e mecânica onde se originam tensões residuais, e que estão associadas a falhas prematuras por fadiga. Ensaios de dilatometria foram empregados para simular os efeitos do tamanho de grão austenítico sobre a evolução microestrutural pós-soldagem. Simulações numéricas termomecânicas, não-lineares, no domínio do tempo, pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), foram empregadas para avaliar os efeitos de modificações de parâmetros do processo de soldagem sobre as tensões residuais. Os resultados apresentados permitem compreender os mecanismos das alterações morfológicas da perlita na Zona Termicamente Afetada (ZTA) em termos de transformações de fases e podem ser utilizados para sistematicamente orientar mudanças nos parâmetros do processo ou controlar a taxa de resfriamento de modo a obter melhores condições metalúrgicas/mecânicas. Ademais, os resultados dos modelos numéricos mostram como a adoção de ZTA estreita influencia nas taxas de resfriamento e no desenvolvimento de tensões residuais em regiões críticas do componente.
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    Effect of different forms of application of a laser surface treatment on fatigue crack growth of an AA6013-T4 aluminum alloy.
    (2019) Gonçalves, C. M.; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Lima, Milton Sérgio Fernandes de; Sampaio, N. P.
    This work analyzes the effect of surface-localized laser heating treatment on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate on region II of the sigmoidal da/dN 3 DK curve of an aerospace-grade AA6013-T4 aluminum alloy sheet with 1.3 mm thickness. The influence on microstructure changes is also evaluated. Aiming to improve the FCG resistance without changing the mechanical behavior of the alloy, a Yb:fiber laser beam is defocused to generate a laser spot diameter of 2 mm, using 200 W power and a laser speed of 2 mm/s. Two laser lines are applied over fatigue C(T) specimens in two different forms: on only one and on both lateral specimen surfaces. Guinier–Preston zones, dispersoids and coarse constituent particles are found on the base material. On the heat-treated material, the same precipitates and also b¢ and Q¢ precipitates are found. These microstructural variations due to the laser thermal cycle, together with the presence of induced compressive residual stresses, improved the fatigue behavior of the material. The FCG retardation is optimized when two laser lines were applied on both lateral surfaces of the specimen.
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    Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and annealed high strength low alloy steel.
    (2019) Oliveira, Bárbara Ferreira de; Oliveira, Michel Picanço; Hernandez Terrones, Luis Augusto; Azevedo, Márcia Giardinieri de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa
    This paper presents a study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a microalloyed HSLA steel solidified by continuous casting process and annealed at 1100 °C for 1 hour. The techniques of confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and hardness, tensile and Charpy mechanical tests were used. The results of this research showed that the microstructure of the sample in the as-received condition was mainly composed of acicular ferrite and aggregates of ferrite and carbides. Non-metallic inclusion characterization of as-cast steel showed that calcium content was not enough to modify the morphology of some aluminates. After thermal treatment, the initial microstructure was transformed into polygonal ferrite and pearlite. In both conditions, different types of precipitates were found, which were classified according to their distribution in the microstructure. The steel with solidification structure showed a higher tensile strength, but its application would be unlikely in components that require good impact strength.
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    Microstructure and mechanical properties of a flash butt welded pearlitic rail.
    (2019) Porcaro, Rodrigo Rangel; Faria, Geraldo Lúcio de; Godefroid, Leonardo Barbosa; Apolonio, Gabriela Ribeiro; Cândido, Luiz Cláudio; Pinto, Elisângela Silva
    The structural changes resulting from the Flash Butt Welding (FBW) of pearlitic rails have been associated with wear/premature failures, despite this, there are no studies applying dilatometry to correlate the welding thermal cycles with the microstructural development of such material. The microstructural evolution of the heat affected zone is clarified with the aid of dilatometry. The increase in the steel hardenability associated with a larger austenitic grain size promotes the austenite-pearlite transformation at lower temperatures in the grain growth region. This explains why this region has larger pearlite colony size but smaller interlamellar pearlite spacing and higher hardness than the grain refined region. Partial cementite spheroidization in the heat affected zone is responsible for significant decrease in hardness and tensile strength and is correlated to localized dipping, rolling contact fatigue and failures. A dilatometry based methodology is proposed to define a process window and control the post-weld cooling rate at the rail head in order to improve the weld performance due to a better hardness profile, without increasing costs or welding time. For the steel evaluated, a 20% increase in the hardness of the softened area at the HAZ was obtained by dilatometric simulation of a safe accelerated cooling (5 °C/s).