DEGEO - Departamento de Geologia

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Evidence for change in crust formation process during the Paleoarchean in the São Francisco Craton (Gavião Block) : coupled zircon Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic analyses and tectonic implications.
(2022) Santos, Cláudia dos; Zincone, Stéfano Albino; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Bersan, Samuel Moreira; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Oliveira, Elson Paiva de
The continental crust growth/evolution processes and the tectonic regime through Eo- and Paleoarchean times are enigmatic due to the scarcity of preserved crust. The Gaviao ̃ Block, S ̃ ao Francisco Craton (Brazil), contains exposed and well-preserved Eo-Paleoarchean crust remnants, providing a rare opportunity to investigate these issues. Here, we describe new U-Pb ages and Hf isotope data of 3.51–3.4 Ga tonalites and diorites from the Gaviao ̃ Block and compare these with previously published Lu-Hf data from Hadean/Eo-Paleoarquean zircons from the Gavi ̃ ao Block and other primitive cratons. The Eo- to Paleoarchean evolution of the Gaviao ̃ Block is registered by ca. 360 Myr of continuous magmatic events from ca. 3.66 Ga to 3.30 Ga. From the available Hf data, we interpret that each of the events younger than 3.6 Ga registers a new juvenile addition that assimilated older crust, whereas the rocks older than 3.6 Ga are exclusively formed through the reworking of a Hadean, and to a less extent early Eoarchean crust. The shift in the crust generation process with the input of juvenile material into the Gavi ̃ ao Block has been documented within the ~ 3.8–3.5 Ga time in other primitive cratonic complexes including the Wyoming, Pilbara, Kaapvaal, Slave, Singhbhum, and Yilgarn. As documented in these other cra- tons, our data suggest that a shift in the Hf isotope record to rocks younger than 3.6 Ga reflects a transition from stagnant-lid to mobile-lid tectonics in the crust formation process of the S ̃ ao Francisco Craton. This change in the geodynamic regime appears to have been global at ca. ~ 3.8–3.5 Ga and facilitated the extraction of juvenile melts, crustal reworking, evolved magmatism, and the production of stabilizing melt-depleted lithospheric mantle.
Sedimentary provenance and role of tectonic inheritance on the control of the Macaúbas group, eastern margin of São Francisco Craton (SE Brazil).
(2021) Oliveira, Rosana Gonçalves; Martins, Maximiliano de Souza; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Souza, Maria Eugênia Silva de; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Alkmim, Ana Ramalho; Silva, Marco Antônio Leandro da; Bueno, Cássio; Linhares, Davidson
The Neoproterozoic Macaúbas Group represents the precursor basin system of the Araçuaí–West Congo orogen, located in the southern margin of Sao ̃ Francisco Craton, and records a Tonian volcano-sedimentary succession, at the base, overlain by a Cryogenian sequence related to the Neoproterozoic global glacial event. Detailed strat- igraphic surveys along the Tonian units allowed the identification of two lithofacies associations related to al- luvial fan and braided river environments, while the three Cryogenian lithofacies associations indicate a glaciomarine environment associated with extensive tectonics that has evolved into a marine environment. The results show that the age spectra of the Tonian and Cryogenian units are similar, differing mainly for an increased peak in the Cryogenian sample in ca. 1.0 Ga, where the primary source is probably related to those magmatic rocks associated with the Stenian-Tonian extensional breakup of the Sao ̃ Francisco-Congo paleocontinent. The KS-Test shows that not all the Tonian samples are similar to each other, as in all the Cryogenian samples. The detailed stratigraphic and structural surveys associated with the geochronological U–Pb data allow us to interpret that the Tonian and the basal Cryogenian sequences were deposited in two episodes of an active intracontinental tectonic context related to fault reactivations along the WNW-ESE Pirapora aulacogen structures in superimposed basin-cycles, the middle-to late-Cryogenian sequences extrapolated the WNW-ESE boundaries while the basin local depocenter and its surroundings expanded to a large depocenter during the basin evolution.
Time and isotopic constraints for Early Tonian basaltic magmatism in a large igneous province of the São Francisco – Congo paleocontinent (Macaúbas basin, Southeast Brazil).
(2022) Souza, Maria Eugênia Silva de; Martins, Maximiliano de Souza; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Soares, Antônio Carlos Pedrosa; Dussin, Ivo Antonio; Castro, Marco Paulo de; Serrano, Paula
The Neoproterozoic Macaúbas basin (southeast Brazil) provides key hints to unravel the history of the São Francisco – Congo paleocontinent before its amalgamation as part of Gondwana. Among the several Proterozoic taphrogenic events and anorogenic igneous episodes documented for the São Francisco – Congo paleocontinent, Early Tonian event has been particularly focused on in the literature owing to the large production of bimodal (felsic-mafic) magmas now found in the Araçuaí (SE Brazil) – West Congo (SW Africa) orogenic system (AWCO) and neighboring cratonic regions. Aiming to examine the stratigraphic relations, timing and isotopic signatures of extensive basaltic magmatism related to the Macaúbas basin, we carried out detailed field, lithochemical, isotope (whole-rock Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf in zircon) geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronological studies on the Pedro Lessa suite and Planalto de Minas Formation, located in the central-western Araçuaí orogen. The studied Pedro Lessa suite consists of a series of mafic dikes that crosscut the lowermost units of the Macaúbas Group but not the Planalto de Minas Formation. The Pedro Lessa suite yielded zircon U-Pb ages between 951 ± 54 Ma and 939 ± 7 Ma. The Planalto de Minas Formation comprises volcaniclastic rocks crystallized at 889 ± 10 Ma, and sedimentary rocks with maximum depositional age of 867 ± 10 Ma. The lithochemical and isotopic datasets (Pedro Lessa dikes: εNd(t) = +0.60; εHf(t) = –22.21 to +4.66; Planalto de Minas volcanism: εNd(t) = +0.76 to +0.78; εHf(t) = − 19.27 to +10.03) indicate predominantly continental tholeiite and minor enriched MORB-type mantle magmas with variable amounts of crustal contamination. The (La/Sm)N ratios indicate a theoretical partial melting (1–7%) of the spinel-lherzoite lithospheric zone for the Pedro Lessa suite, and of the spinel-garnet transition zone (3–10%) for the Planalto de Minas metamafic rocks, in accordance with La/Nb and La/Ba ratios. The new and complied isotopic and lithochemical data suggest a time-dependent evolution of magma sources, with lithospheric mantle sources for the Early Tonian dike swarms (Pedro Lessa and correlatives) evolving to predominantly asthenospheric mantle sources for the late basaltic volcanism recorded in the Planalto de Minas Formation. Such an extensive and long-lasting anorogenic magmatism of Early Tonian age (c. 965 – 870 Ma) found in the AWCO and São Francisco – Congo craton likely records more than one extensional event and related aborted continental rifts, altogether driven by the same mantle plume. Although long-lived, this mantle plume acted beneath a strong continental lithosphere so that it was unable to break up the São Francisco – Congo paleocontinent into two completely separated landmasses. Highlighting the main stages of anorogenic magmatism, we also present an updated barcode for the São Francisco – Congo paleocontinent.
Assessing the U-Pb, Sm-Nd and Sr-Sr isotopic compositions of the sume apatite as a reference material for LA-ICP-MS analysis.
(2022) Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Gonçalves, Guilherme de Oliveira; Mazoz, Ariela Oliveira; Buick, Ian S.; Kamo, Sandra L.; Cipriano, Ricardo Augusto Scholz; Wang, Hao; Moreira, Hugo Souza; Babinski, Marly; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento
This study has determined the trace element and the U-Pb, Sm-Nd and Sr-Sr isotope composition of the Sume apatite (from NE Brazil) to assess its suitability as a primary/secondary reference material for LA-ICP-MS. Reproducibility tests demonstrate that one batch (~ 100 g) of the Sume apatite (Sum e-570) is uniform in terms of Nd-Nd and U-Pb isotope compositions. Bulk isotope dilution TIMS/ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses confirm that the apatite is well suited for use as quality control material for Nd isotopes and U-Pb geochronology. U-Pb ID-TIMS analyses yield weighted mean ratios of 0.09211 0.00053 (2s; 206Pb*/238U) and 0.06120 0.00063 (2s; 207Pb*/206Pb*) and a weighted mean 206Pb*/238U date of 568 3 Ma (95% c.l.). U-Pb LA-(SF/MC)-ICP-MS runs using Sume-570 as a primary RM and reproduces the dates of other established RMs within 1% deviation (except for Durango 2–4%). Major and trace element abundances show that Sume-570 is a fluorapatite derived from a syenitic source. It also strongly shows LREE-enriched chondrite-normalised REE patterns with significant negative Eu anomalies, due to crystallisation of plagioclase in the residue.
An exotic Cretaceous kimberlite linked to metasomatized lithospheric mantle beneath the southwestern margin of the São Francisco Craton, Brazil.
(2022) Carvalho, Luisa Diniz Vilela de; Jalowitzki, Tiago Luis Rei; Cipriano, Ricardo Augusto Scholz; Gonçalves, Guilherme de Oliveira; Rocha, Marcelo Peres; Pereira, Rogério Silvestre; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Castro, Marco Paulo de; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Fuck, Reinhardt Adolfo
We present major and trace element compositions of mineral concentrates comprising garnet xenocrysts, ilmenite, phlogopite, spinel, zircon, and uncommon minerals (titanite, calzirtite, anatase, baddeleyite and pyrochlore) of a newly discovered Late Cretaceous kimberlite (U-Pb zircon age 90.0 ± 1.3 Ma; 2r) named Osvaldo França 1, located in the Alto Paranaíba Igneous Province (APIP), southeastern Brazil. Pyrope grains are lherzolitic (Lherz-1, Lherz-2 and Lherz-3), harzburgitic (Harz-3) and wehrlitic (Wehr-2). The pyrope xenocrysts cover a wide mantle column in the subcratonic lithosphere (66–143 km; 20–43 kbar) at relatively low temperatures (811–875 C). The shallowest part of this mantle is represented by Lherz-1 pyropes (20–32 kbar), which have low-Cr (Cr2O3 = 1.74–6.89 wt.%) and fractionated middle to heavy rare earth elements (MREE-HREE) pattern. The deepest samples are represented by Lherz-2, Lherz-3, Harz-3, and Wehr-2 pyropes (36–43 kbar). They contain high-Cr contents (Cr2O3 = 7.36–11.19 wt.%) and are char- acterized by sinusoidal (Lherz-2 and Wehr-2) and spoon-like (Lherz-3 and Harz-3) REE patterns. According to their REE and trace elements, pyrope xenocrysts have enriched nature (e.g., Ce and Yb vs. Cr2O3), indicating that the cratonic lithosphere has been affected by a silicate melt with subalkaline/ tholeiite composition due to their low Zr, Ti and Y concentrations. Besides minerals with typical kimber- litic signatures, such as ilmenite and zircon, the exotic compositions of phlogopite and ulvöspinel suggest an enriched component in the magma source. The formation of rare mineral phases with strong enrich- ment of light-REE (LREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) is attributed to the late-stage kimber- litic melt. We propose a tectonic model where a thermal anomaly, represented by the low-velocity seismic anomaly observed in P-wave seismic tomography images, supplied heat to activate the alkaline magmatism from a metasomatized cratonic mantle source during the late-stages of Gondwana fragmen- tation and consequent South Atlantic Ocean opening. The metasomatism recorded by mineral phases is a product of long-lived recycling of subducted oceanic plates since the Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano Orogeny) or even older collisional events, contributing to the exotic character of the Osvaldo França 1 kimberlite, as well as to the cratonic lithospheric mantle.
Depositional setting and U-Pb detrital record of rift‐related deposits in the Moeda Formation (Minas Supergroup) at the Gandarela and Ouro Fino synclines, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil.
(2021) Madureira, Rafael da Silva; Martins, Maximiliano de Souza; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Dutra, Luiz Fernandes; Alkmim, Ana Ramalho
The Moeda Formation (Caraça Group, base of Minas Supergroup) registers the initial rift stages of the Minas Basin in the Quadrilátero Fer- rífero, Southern São Francisco craton, SE-Brazil. We present stratigraphic and U-Pb detrital zircon dating analyses of the Moeda Formation that contribute to the comprehension of its sedimentary evolution in the southernmost Gandarela and Ouro Fino synclines (Central-Eastern Quadrilátero Ferrifero). The Moeda Formation sequence consists of a basal proximal alluvial fan with clast-supported conglomerates, grading upward into an alluvial floodplain with quartz arenites, and upper massive sandstones from distal fluvial fans. Because the Moeda Formation is normally limited by similar lithologies at both its base (Nova Lima Group, Rio das Velhas Supergroup) and top (Batatal Formation, upper- most Caraça Group) and stratigraphic inversion has occurred in the study area, U-Pb detrital zircon dating was also extended to these units to differentiate them stratigraphically. The youngest clusters of detrital zircon ages in the Nova Lima Group and Moeda and Batatal formations were 2716, 2777 and 2786 Ma, respectively. Based on our data and relevant literature, the depositional age of the Moeda Formation was interpreted as between 2716 and 2520 Ma with the Mesoarchean continental crust, the Rio das Velhas Supergroup and the Archean TTG complexes as its main source areas.
Trace-element composition of pyrite and its implications for hydrothermal process within the Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary sequences of the São Francisco Craton, northeastern Brazil.
(2022) Melo, Marilane Gonzaga de; Moreira, Éder Carlos; Simplicio, Fábio; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; D’Agostim, Letícia Garcia; Castro, Marco Paulo de
A distribuição de elementos traço em pirita é documentada pela primeira vez em veios de quartzo hospedados em sequências metassedimentares mesoproterozoicas da Formação Tombador, Cráton São Francisco, Nordeste do Brasil. Neste estudo, aná- lises de microssonda eletrônica (EPMA) foram utilizadas para determinar as composições de elementos traço em pirita nesses veios de quartzo hidrotermal. Três variedades de pirita foram distinguidas e interpretadas com base em relações petrográficas e padrões de elementos traço. A pirita preexistente (Py1 ), derivada do quartzito hospedeiro, é pobre em Ni, com concentrações variando de 600 a 6.100 ppm. A pirita alongada sintectônica (Py2 ) tem composição de elementos traço similar à de Py1 , com concentrações de Ni entre 830 e 7.870 ppm. Em contraste, a pirita euédrica a subédrica hidrotermal (Py3 ), possivelmente pós- -tectônica, contém teores mais elevados de Ni (7.970 – 26.120 ppm). Rochas máficas e/ou metassedimentares do Supergrupo Espinhaço foram provavelmente a fonte de Ni para esse evento de fluxo de fluido. A geração de fluidos está relacionada à des- volatilização da base da crosta espessada, com migração de fluidos por estruturas preexistentes. Várias zonas de cisalhamento e dobras de tendência NNW em larga escala foram desenvolvidas durante a inversão da bacia Espinhaço, como resultado do evento orogênico Brasiliano de 0,6 Ga. O movimento do fluido regional através da crosta nesse momento é suportado por vários veios mineralizados e depósitos hidrotermais no Cráton São Francisco e cinturões neoproterozoicos adjacentes.
LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of rutiles associated with hydrothermal mineralization along the southern Araçuaí Belt, SE Brazil.
(2020) Santos, Maristella Moreira; Lana, Cristiano de Carvalho; Cipriano, Ricardo Augusto Scholz; Buick, Ian S.; Kamo, Sandra L.; Corfu, Fernando; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento
The presence of hydrothermal rutile enables the dating of mineralization related to hydrothermal processes. Refinement of the laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique is key to enabling the quick analysis of individual rutile crystals in high spatial resolution and dating of crystals with low U contents, as a prerequisite for the reliable characterization of hydrothermal deposits. For this study rutile crystals were selected from quartz and topaz veins that extend along the southeastern portion of the Araçuaí Belt, part of the long-lived (630 - 490 Ma) polyphase Brasiliano Orogen that formed during West Gondwana amalgamation. The purpose was to allow a systematic evaluation of in situ dating of hydrothermal rutile by LA-ICPMS. U–Pb ages from different rutiles range between 527 ± 6 Ma and 487 ± 5 Ma, indicating that different parts of the orogen were affected by episodic fluid flow under oxidizing conditions over a similar time interval. Our U–Pb dating results of rutiles associated with the Imperial Topaz mineralization in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (southern portion of the São Francisco Craton, SE Brazil) constrains the age of those deposits to 500- 498 Ma, which is within the range of U–Pb ages of hydrothermal systems and mineralized zones previously reported for the region. The chemical composition of the studied hydrothermal rutiles, as determined by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS analysis, together with their U–Pb ages, suggests that the extensive fluid production required to form the hydrothermal deposits was generated from multiple sources. Fluid production was related to extensional collapse of the Araçuaí Orogen. The findings of this research clearly shows the utility of U–Pb rutile dating via LA-ICP-MS for geochronological study of a range of hydrothermal deposits.
Geochemistry and U–Pb zircon ages of the metamafic-ultramafic rocks of the Riacho dos Machados metavolcanosedimentary sequence : evidence of a late rhyacian back-arc basin during the assembly of São Francisco-Congo paleocontinent.
(2021) Leal, Victor Luiz Silva; Amaral, Matheus Henrique Kuchenbecker do; Barbuena, Danilo; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Pinheiro, Marco Aurélio Piacentini; Freimann, Marcelo de Almeida
The São Francisco paleocontinent comprises Archean nuclei and Paleoproterozoic magmatic arcs which were amalgamated during Siderian to Orosirian thermal-tectonic events (ca. 2.4–2.0 Ga). Located in the Porteirinha domain, one of these Archean segments, the Riacho dos Machados metavolcanosedimentary sequence encompasses metamafites and metaultramafites intercalated with metasedimentary rocks. The metamafites clustered in the Type I category are tholeiitic, present MORB-like affinities and flat REE patterns with enrichment in La, Rb, and Cs. The metamafites from Type II are calc-alkaline, showing arc signatures with enrichment in LILE (Cs, Ba, U, Rb, K) and LREE, and depletion in the HFSE. The associated metaultramafites were classified as high-Mg ultramafic rocks similar to Barberton-Type komatiites, with enrichment in LILE and LREE, Al2O3/TiO2< 16 and Gd/Yb(N) > 1. U–Pb (LA–SF–ICP-MS) zircon analyses were carried out on the Type II hornblendite, unraveling a concordant crystallization age of 2071 ± 9 Ma. Inherited zircons yield a discordant age of 2922 ± 22 Ma and a lower intercept at 473 ± 48 Ma. The hybrid magmatism of the studied metamafites coupled with the inherited zircon grains, indicate that this metavolcanosedimentary sequence was developed in an intracontinental back-arc basin. The rocks from Type I have been originated from MORB-like source with a slightly input of subduction-derived fluids. In its turn, Type II samples represent melts more influenced by the fluids from the dehydrated slab. This assumption implies that the São Francisco paleocontinent, in the region of the Porteirinha block and surroundings, were under an accretionary stage at the late Rhyacian. During this orogenic process the metamorphic PT conditions reached lower-amphibolite facies. Moreover, this thermaltectonic event in likely responsible for the auriferous fluid percolation of the Riacho dos Machados Gold Mine.
The fast exhumation pattern of a Neoproterozoic nappe system built during West Gondwana amalgamation : insights from thermochronology.
(2021) Teixeira, Alice Westin; Campos Neto, Mario da Costa; Hollanda, Maria Helena Bezerra Maia de; Salazar Mora, Claudio Alejandro; Queiroga, Gláucia Nascimento; Frugis, Gabriella Labate; Castro, Marco Paulo de
In this contribution we investigate the exhumation T-t path of a nappe system located in the southernmost edge of the Brasília Orogen, southeast Brazil, developed during the West Gondwana assembly. The allochthons represent an inverted metamorphic pile of nappes and were deformed during the collision between the Paranapanema (active margin) and S˜ ao Francisco (passive margin) paleocontinents. The nappe system comprises UHT rocks of a magmatic arc root (upper Socorro-Guaxup´e Nappe), the accretionary wedge – foreland units metamorphosed under high-pressure conditions (intermediate Andrelandia ˆ Nappe System) and the lower passive margin metasedimentary sequences (the high-pressure Carrancas Nappes System and the Lima Duarte Nappe). New U-Th-PbT in monazite and 40Ar/39Ar in hornblende, biotite and muscovite ages combined with previously published data indicate different patterns of cooling for each allochthon. The upper nappes register a collision to exhumation/cooling path, from 630–625 Ma to 590–580 Ma, which indicates that the geological process active during the West Gondwana amalgamation involved fast exhumation tectonics. Cross-sections along the main transport direction of the nappes indicate a progressive decrease of metamorphic age peaks (630–625 Ma to 590–570 Ma) and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages (600 Ma to 540 Ma) from the internal regions (SW) to the front (NE) of the nappe system, which indicate that the propagation of the nappe pile advanced progressively from the upper to the lower nappes.

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