Navegando por Autor "Sá, Fernanda de Souza"
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Item Captive-born collared peccaries learning about their predators : lessons learnt but not remembered.(2020) Faria, Carlos Magno de; Sá, Fernanda de Souza; Costa, Dhiordan Deon Lovenstain; Silva, Mariane Mendes da; Silva, Beatriz Cristiana da; Young, Robert John; Azevedo, Cristiano Schetini deCaptive-born animals frequently lose their anti-predatory abilities due to the absence of encounters with their predators, but these abilities can be regained through specific training. Anti-predator training can, thus, enhance the success of reintroduction programs with predator naïve animals. In addition, a good memory is important to guarantee the effects of the anti-predator training and increase survival rate after release into the wild. In the present study, anti-predator training sessions were applied to 11 captive-born collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), followed by memory tests at 30, 60 and 90 days after the end of the training sessions. The collared peccaries responded appropriately to training against predators, showing alert, escape and predator avoidance behaviors after anti-predator training; however, the animals maintained these acquired behaviors for only 30 days after the end of the anti-predator training. After 60 days, peccaries responded to the predator in a ‘relaxed’ manner, exhibiting no anti-predator behaviors. For the trained collared peccaries to be released into the wild, reinforcement in the anti-predator training would be required at least 30 days prior to release.Item Captive-born collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, Tayassuidae) fails to discriminate between predator and non-predator models.(2018) Faria, Carlos Magno de; Sá, Fernanda de Souza; Costa, Dhiordan Deon Lovenstain; Silva, Mariane Mendes da; Silva, Beatriz Cristiana da; Young, Robert John; Azevedo, Cristiano Schetini deCaptive animals may lose the ability to recognize their natural predators, making conservation programs more susceptible to failure if such animals are released into the wild. Collared peccaries are American tayassuids that are vulnerable to local extinction in certain areas, and conservation programs are being conducted. Captive-born peccaries are intended for release into the wild in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. In this study, we tested the ability of two groups of captive-born collared peccaries to recognize their predators and if they were habituated to humans. Recognition tests were performed using models of predators (canids and felids) and non-predators animals, as well as control objects, such as a plastic chair; a human was also presented to the peccaries, and tested as a separate stimulus. Anti-predator defensive responses such as fleeing and threatening displayswere not observed in response to predator models. Predator detection behaviors both from visual and olfactory cues were displayed, although they were not specifically targeted at predator models. These results indicate that collared peccaries were unable to recognize model predators. Habituation effects, particularly on anti-predator behaviors, were observed both with a 1-h model presentation and across testing days. Behavioral responses to humans did not differ from those to other models. Thus, if these animals were to be released into the wild, they should undergo anti-predator training sessions to enhance their chances of survival.Item Ethogram and time-activity budget of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, Tayassuidae) : implications for husbandry and welfare.(2020) Silva, Mariane Mendes da; Faria, Carlos Magno de; Sá, Fernanda de Souza; Costa, Dhiordan Deon Lovenstain; Silva, Beatriz Cristiana da; Deus, Gabriela Luiza de; Young, Robert John; Azevedo, Cristiano Schetini deThe collared peccary, Pecari tajacu, is a mammal in the family Tayassuidae from the Americas that occurs from the United States to north Argentina and throughout Brazil. They are very sociable animals, living in groups of six to nine individuals. In their natural habitat, they present diurnal habits, but in captivity, this behaviour may change due to management conditions. Despite being bred in captivity for both commercial and conservation purposes, little is known about their behavioural patterns. The aim of this study was to construct an ethogram and produce a time-activity budget for captive collared peccaries in order to suggest better practices for husbandry and welfare. Thirtynine captive-born peccaries were studied. The ethogram and timeactivity budget of the individuals were constructed using the ad libitum method, with data collection at different times between 08:00 and 12:00 and between 13:00 and 17:00. One hundred and seventy-nine hours of data were collected for each period (8:00–9:00; 9:00–10:00; 10:00–11:00, etc.). We identified 87 behaviours exhibited by the collared peccaries, most of them recorded in the afternoon, between 14:00 h and 15:00 h. Most of the time, the peccaries remained inactive. Three behaviours were recorded for the first time (playing in mud, weak biting and tasting). Inactivity of the collared peccaries increased with increasing temperature (rs = 0.261, p < 0.001), whereas active behavioural categories decreased with increasing temperature (rs = −0.179, p = 0.003). The high rate of inactivity may have been due to the influence of temperature, as on warmer days they remained more inactive than on colder days. No signs of low welfare were found based on the ethogram (no abnormal behaviours were observed). The ethogram and the time-activity budget created allow for more targeted husbandry procedures, such as actions that increase the activity of animals.Item Forrageio social em catetos : táticas, dominância, habilidade competitiva e sucesso.(2017) Sá, Fernanda de Souza; Young, Robert John; Azevedo, Cristiano Schetini de; Guedes, Danusa; Rodrigues, Flávio Henrique Guimarães; Oliveira, Reisla Silva de; Azevedo, Alessandro Schetini deO Modelo Produtor-Usurpador (PS) é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar as estratégias de forrageio utilizadas por membros de grupos sociais, podendo existir diferenças individuais nas escolhas e investimento na procura do alimento. Essas escolhas se relacionam à capacidade dos indivíduos em associar informações ecológicas e sociais, sendo possivelmente alteradas em respostas a condições ambientais extremas e a fatores intrínsecos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as táticas de forrageio social de catetos cativos (produzir e usurpar), identificando se características ambientais (imprevisibilidade alimentar) e individuais (dominância, hierarquia e centralidade) influenciam nas decisões tomadas. Para isso, dois grupos de catetos, com 10 indivíduos cada, foram submetidos a uma situação de imprevisibilidade alimentar que consistia na diminuição do número de manchas alimentares acessíveis aos animais dentro do recinto (6 bacias dispostas dentro do recinto, somente duas com alimentos acessíveis) e na alteração diária dos locais das bacias com alimentos acessíveis. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a maioria dos catetos não alterou a tática de forrageio quando submetidos a essa situação. O sucesso do forrageio dos produtores foi maior do que o dos usurpadores (no experimento controle do grupo 1). Não foi observada relação entre a dominância e a tática de produzir com a habilidade competitiva, e nem com o sucesso de forrageio, entretanto, houve relação entre o sucesso de forrageio individual e a habilidade competitiva, onde os mais hábeis forragearam mais. Finalmente, as taxas de interações agonísticas não aumentaram com a redução do recurso alimentar, exceto durante o forrageio social, onde os conflitos aumentaram com a diminuição da oferta alimentar. Concluímos que catetos utilizam o modelo produtor-usurpador, ainda que a escolha das táticas de forrageio e o sucesso de forrageio não sejam influenciados pelas condições ambientais, mas sim pela personalidade dos catetos. As táticas de forrageio escolhidas pelos catetos podem ter relação com a centralidade dos indivíduos e o fator determinante para garantir o sucesso de forrageio dos indivíduos foi a habilidade competitiva no momento do forrageio social. Nossos resultados destacam a importância de incluir a variação comportamental individual nos modelos de jogos de produtor usurpador.