Navegando por Autor "Moore, Kari"
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Item Are women’s empowerment and income inequality associated with excess weight in Latin American Cities?(2022) Tumas, Natalia; Rodríguez López, Santiago; Mazariegos, Mónica; Ortigoza, Ana; Anza Ramírez, Cecilia; Pérez Ferrer, Carolina; Moore, Kari; Yamada, Goro; Menezes, Mariana Carvalho de; Sarmiento Dueñas, Olga Lucia; Pericàs Pulido, Juan Manuel; Costes, Francesc Belvis; Lazo, Mariana; Benach, JoanWhile income gradients and gender inequalities in excess weight have been noted elsewhere, data from Latin American cities is lacking. We analyzed gender-specifc associations between city-level women’s empowerment and income inequality with individual-level overweight/obesity, assessing how these associations vary by individual education or living conditions within cities in Latin America. Data came from national surveys and censuses, and was compiled by the SALURBAL project (Urban Health in Latin America). The sample included 79,422 individuals (58.0% women), living in 538 sub-cities, 187 cities, and 8 countries. We used gender-stratifed Poisson multilevel models to estimate the Prevalence Rate Ratios (PRR) for overweight/obesity (body mass index≥25 kg/m2 ) per a unit change in city-level women’s empowerment (proxied by a score that measures gender inequalities in employment and education) and income inequality (proxied by income-based Gini coefcient). We also tested whether individual education or sub-city living conditions modifed such associations. Higher city labor women’s empowerment (in women) and higher city Gini coefcient (in men) were associated with a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (PRR=0.97 (95%CI 0.94, 0.99) and PRR=0.94 (95%CI 0.90, 0.97), respectively). The associations varied by individual education and sub-city living conditions. For labor women’s empowerment, we observed weakened associations towards the null efect in women with lower education and in residents of sub-cities with worse living conditions (men and women). For the Gini coefcient, the association was stronger among men with primary education, and a negative association was observed in women with primary education. Our fndings highlight the need for promoting equity-based policies and interventions to tackle the high prevalence of excess weight in Latin American cities.Item City-level travel time and individual dietary consumption in Latin American cities : results from the SALURBAL study.(2022) Guimarães, Joanna Miguez Nery; Acharya, Binod; Moore, Kari; López Olmedo, Nancy; Menezes, Mariana Carvalho de; Stern, Dalia; Friche, Amélia Augusta de Lima; Wang, Xize; Delclòs Alió, Xavier; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; Sarmiento Dueñas, Olga Lucia; Cardoso, Leticia de OliveiraThere is limited empirical evidence on how travel time affects dietary patterns, and even less in Latin American cities (LACs). Using data from 181 LACs, we investigated whether longer travel times at the city level are associated with lower consumption of vegetables and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and if this association differs by city size. Travel time was measured as the average city-level travel time during peak hours and city-level travel delay time was measured as the average increase in travel time due to congestion on the street network during peak hours. Vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption were classified according to the frequency of consumption in days/week (5–7: “frequent”, 2–4: “medium”, and ≤1: “rare”). We estimate multilevel ordinal logistic regression modeling for pooled samples and stratified by city size. Higher travel time (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.49–0.87) and delay time (OR = 0.57; CI 0.34–0.97) were associated with lower odds of frequent vegetable consumption. For a rare SSB consumption, we observed an inverse association with the delay time (OR = 0.65; CI 0.44–0.97). Analysis stratified by city size show that these associations were significant only in larger cities. Our results suggest that travel time and travel delay can be potential urban determinants of food consumption.Item Is city-level travel time by car associated with individual obesity or diabetes in Latin American cities? : evidence from 178 cities in the SALURBAL project.(2022) Delclòs Alió, Xavier; Rodriguez, Daniel A.; López Olmedo, Nancy; Pérez Ferrer, Carolina; Moore, Kari; Stern, Dalia; Menezes, Mariana Carvalho de; Cardoso, Leticia de Oliveira; Wang, Xize; Guimarães, Joanna Miguez Nery; Miranda, J. Jaime; Sarmiento Dueñas, Olga LuciaThere is growing evidence that longer travel time by private car poses physical and mental risks. Individual-level obesity and diabetes, two of the main public health challenges in low- and middle-income contexts, could be associated to city-level travel times by car. We used individual obesity and diabetes data from national health surveys from individuals in 178 Latin American cities, compiled and harmonized by the SALURBAL project. We calculated city-level travel times by car using the Google Maps Distance Matrix API. We estimated associations between peak hour city-level travel time by car and obesity and diabetes using multilevel logistic regression models, while adjusting for individual characteristics and other city-level covariates. In our study we did not observe a relationship between city-level peak-hour travel time by car and individual obesity and diabetes, as reported in previous research for individual time spent in vehicles in high-income settings. Our results suggest that this relationship may be more complex in Latin America compared to other settings, especially considering that cities in the region are characterized by high degrees of population density and compactness and by a higher prevalence of walking and public transportation use.